Subtitle: A reminder that history can serve us well — both as a warning and a guide, but only if we learn

Excerpt: A reminder that history can serve us well — both as a warning and a guide, but only if we learn.

Author: Dave Hallmon

​ The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE remains one of the most vivid examples of political corruption and instability in history. At its center lies the betrayal of Caesar by those closest to him. A group of senators, alarmed by Caesar’s growing power as “dictator for life,” believed they were saving the Republic by ending his rule. Among the conspirators was Brutus, once Caesar’s trusted ally. Their actions, driven by fear and ambition, betrayed Rome’s fragile political balance. 

Now, more than ever, it is crucial to reflect on the fall of Rome, as it raises pressing questions for our nation’s leaders. How can we avoid the same pitfalls of political division, corruption, and instability? One lesson from my 7th-grade history class has always stayed with me: “If you listen closely, you’ll see that history can serve you well — both as a warning and a guide — but only if you are willing to learn,” said Mr. Rubidoux, my Texas History teacher at Robert T. Hill Middle School in Dallas, circa 1995.

Beware the Ides of March ¹

Shakespeare immortalized the assassination of Julius Caesar in his depiction of the Ides of March. Caesar entered the Senate, unaware of the plot. His assassins surrounded him, and then he faced their drawn daggers. As Caesar recognized Brutus among the attackers, he said, “Et tu, Brute? Then fall, Caesar!” These words encapsulate the devastation of personal betrayal, a pain that went deeper than his physical wounds. The assassination threw Rome into chaos, igniting civil wars and paving the way for imperial rule under Augustus.

This story could resonate today as a warning about how political rivalries and unchecked ambitions can undermine governments. When does the pursuit of justice cross the line into destruction? In 1995, I’d assume Mr. Rubidoux would likely tell the class that history sometimes offers sobering parallels.

For example, the assassination of civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., in 1968, was a pivotal moment in U.S. history. His assassination sparked riots in over 100 cities, exposing the nation’s deep fractures. Similarly, the events of January 6, 2021, when protesters stormed the U.S. Capitol, demonstrated the fragility of democratic institutions. As Sean Illing observes, “Once you break a system, there are no rules governing what happens, and all of the institutions that depend on that system free-float” (Vox, 2024). These moments serve as reminders that political instability often follows unchecked ambition and division.

The Bible also speaks to the consequences of such actions.

It is an abomination to kings to do evil, for the throne is established by righteousness — Proverbs 16:12

This wisdom should challenge believers to consider the importance of righteous leadership. Whether in ancient Rome or modern America, the cost of betrayal and instability is far greater than its immediate outcomes. As I reflect on these events, I can’t help but think about my 7th-grade Texas History Class; we must ask ourselves if we have listened closely because history can often be both a warning — and a guide.

Et tu, Brute? ²

Historians often debate the reasons behind the fall of Rome, but several key factors stand out in understanding its decline. The first is more prominent and well-known. Rome experienced grand political corruption and instability, which weakened the government’s ability to run effectively. For example, leadership changed frequently, internal power struggles became commonplace, and widespread corruption eroded public trust. Without stable governance, the empire failed to address growing challenges. 

Second, economic decline further destabilized Rome. Overreliance on slave labor stifled innovation, while heavy taxation and inflation drained resources from citizens, leaving the infrastructure militarily unsustainable.

Third, military overextension exposed Rome’s inability to defend its expansive borders. Maintaining control over far-reaching territories became nearly impossible as the empire grew, leaving them vulnerable to outside threats. 

Fourth, social and moral decay further eroded the empire’s foundation. A growing divide between the elite and lower classes and declining civic responsibility led to unrest and a loss of shared purpose. 

Finally, barbarian invasions delivered the decisive blow. Groups like the Goths and Huns breached Roman defenses repeatedly, with the Visigoths sacking Rome in 410 AD and the deposition of the last Western Roman Emperor in 476 AD, thus marking the fall of the Roman Empire.

While simplified, these factors reflect Rome’s gradual decline and highlight vulnerabilities any great power might face. Recent news outlets such as The Heritage Foundation, Time Magazine, and Vox have drawn parallels between Rome’s fall and the challenges facing the United States today. These include growing political divisions, economic struggles, and threats to the unity of society. These warnings could serve as reminders of the need to address our internal challenges to maintain the stability and prosperity of our nation.

As we reflect on the reasons for Rome’s decline, parallels emerge with challenges facing the United States today. Issues like social and economic inequality, political instability and violence, and the erosion of shared values mirror the struggles that led to Rome’s transition from a republic to an empire. From a Christian perspective, these parallels remind us of humanity’s fallen nature (Romans 3:23) and the importance of relying on scriptural truths. The Bible calls us to act with justice (Micah 6:8), seek peace (Romans 14:19), and expect integrity in leadership (Proverbs 29:2). By holding to these principles, we can find both guidance and hope to address the challenges of our time.

Lend me your ears ³

The rise of populism and demagogues is evident in the fall of Rome, and in the United States today. This highlights the dangers of trusting self-serving leaders who exploit public discontent. For example, Julius Caesar’s consolidation of power during the Roman Republic should be a stark warning. By presenting himself as a savior, Caesar bypassed traditional checks and balances, destabilizing the government and paving the way for the Republic’s collapse. Similarly, modern political figures often gain power by deepening divisions and challenging democratic norms. As one commentator observes, “The fall of the Roman Republic is both complicated and straightforward: The state became too big and chaotic; the influence of money and private interests corrupted public institutions; and social and economic inequalities became so stark that citizens lost faith in the system altogether and gradually fell into the arms of tyrants and demagogues” (Vox, 2024).

Scripture warns against these patterns and the consequences of leadership disconnected from God’s guidance. For example, the following reflects the chaos that arises when human ambition reigns unchecked:

In those days there was no king in Israel. Everyone did what was right in his own eyes — Judges 21:25

Without Christ’s lordship, Martin Luther argues, people inevitably follow their sinful desires and “exalts himself above God, and anarchy is the fruit of such pride.” Similarly, John Wesley suggests that this relativism “was the root cause of the societal decay and repeated conflicts recorded in Judges.” Finally, Matthew Henry wrote that Israel’s lack of leadership was not just political but spiritual, which made them “ripe for sin and ripe for judgment.”

As Christians, we are called to trust in God rather than in charismatic leaders. Jesus exemplifies servant-hearted leadership, teaching humility and submission to God’s authority. By aligning ourselves with Christ’s example, we avoid the dangers of relying on human systems or individuals who often promise stability but bring the opposite. Authentic leadership, as modeled by Christ, seeks to serve others, not to exploit them.

The will of Caesar ⁴

The Roman Empire’s reliance on leaders like Augustus demonstrates the danger of placing too much hope in individuals rather than building systems that promote long-term stability and reform. Augustus, celebrated as Rome’s first emperor, brought temporary order to a fractured Republic through sweeping reforms and centralized power. However, his leadership set a precedent for authoritarian rule, creating a pattern of dependence on strong leaders. When such figures failed, or successors lacked their abilities, instability followed in Rome. Similarly, the growing tendency to rely on political figures as “central figures of hope” in the United States risks undermining systemic solutions. One commentator notes, “It’s hard not to see the resemblance between Caesar’s day and ours. Both featured conflict between populist politicians and a conservative establishment, which spiraled from legislative gridlock to the politicization of the criminal justice system” (Schulman, Time Magazine, 2024).

Scripture warns against misplaced trust in human leaders and calls believers to place their hope in God’s sovereignty:

Put not your trust in princes, in a son of man, in whom there is no salvation. When his breath departs, he returns to the earth; on that very day his plans perish. — Psalm 146:3–4

This passage emphasizes the fleeting and fallible nature of human leadership. While political figures may provide temporary solutions, they cannot offer lasting hope or salvation.

For the Lord is our judge; the Lord is our lawgiver; the Lord is our king; he will save us. — Isaiah 33:22

As Christians, we are called to rely on God’s unchanging authority rather than idolizing human leaders. As the ultimate Savior, Christ provides lasting restoration that no earthly leader can match. Instead of looking to individuals for answers, believers must work together in humility to address systemic issues. Rome’s reliance on individual rulers offers a cautionary tale for America today, underscoring the need to prioritize godly principles and shared stewardship over charismatic leadership. God’s enduring authority brings proper stability and hope when human saviors fail.

This was the most unkindest cut of all ⁵

The extreme economic divides in ancient Rome played a critical role in its decline. Heavy taxation crushed the working class, while the wealthy elite hoarded resources, creating widespread resentment and societal fragmentation. Over time, the erosion of the middle class led to instability and reliance on unsustainable systems. Similarly, in the United States, growing wealth disparities and economic inequities have fueled dissatisfaction and division. As Antoni and St. Onge note, “Confiscatory taxes drove commerce out of the Roman Empire, or underground in ragtag form, while idle laborers turned to bread lines. Today, excessive taxation and regulation sends jobs overseas, and the unemployed are on welfare” (Heritage Foundation, 2023). Both Rome and the U.S. demonstrate how unchecked inequality can weaken the fabric of society.

Scripture calls God’s people to care for the vulnerable and to speak up for those who cannot defend themselves:

Open your mouth for the mute, for the rights of all who are destitute. Open your mouth, judge righteously, defend the rights of the poor and needy. — Proverbs 31:8–9

This Biblical mandate challenges Christians to confront inequality with compassion and action. Leaders in ancient Israel, such as Nehemiah, addressed economic exploitation by restoring justice and hope for the oppressed. The stark disparities in wealth and opportunity seen in both Rome and the U.S. contradict God’s call for equitable treatment and mercy.

As followers of Christ, we are called to engage in works of mercy and to advocate for policies that reflect God’s heart for the marginalized.

Seek justice, correct oppression; bring justice to the fatherless, plead the widow’s cause. — Isaiah 1:17

The Church plays a vital role in addressing these divides — not only through charity but also by challenging systems that perpetuate injustice. Like Rome, unchecked inequality threatens to fragment society, eroding trust and fostering unrest. By living out God’s call to justice and mercy, Christians can offer a countercultural response to economic challenges, pointing toward unity and hope through faith.

Cry ‘Havoc!’ and let slip the dogs of war ⁶

The civil wars and political violence that plagued ancient Rome were crucial in its decline. Power struggles and personal ambition fueled these conflicts, destabilizing governance and eroding public trust. Over time, this chaos set the stage for significant dysfunction. In modern times, events like the January 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol echo this troubling pattern. As Sean Illing explains, “Rome’s failure to curtail its spending as it simultaneously throttled its economy eventually turned the empire’s finances into the equivalent of a Ponzi scheme” (Vox, 2024). This stark reminder highlights how quickly economic and political instability can lead to unrest, like the dysfunction that ultimately collapsed Rome.

Scripture consistently condemns violence as a solution to conflict. When Peter used a sword to defend Jesus, Christ rebuked him, saying:

Put your sword back into its place. For all who take the sword will perish by the sword. — Matthew 26:52

This teaching reflects God’s design for peace and order, starkly contrasting the destructive nature of political violence. Believers are repeatedly called to seek peace and submit to governing authorities, trusting God’s sovereignty. Rome’s civil wars — and modern political divisions — show the dangers of rejecting these principles, leading to societal collapse and fractured communities.

Christians have a unique opportunity to promote peace by advocating for reconciliation and praying for leaders. Paul instructs believers:

First of all, then, I urge that supplications, prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings be made for all people, for kings and all who are in high positions, that we may lead a peaceful and quiet life, godly and dignified in every way. — 1 Timothy 2:1–2

By modeling these Biblical values, the Church should counter the violence and instability threatening democratic systems with humility, reconciliation, and a commitment to justice. Rome’s failure to address its internal divisions led to devastating consequences, and Christians must learn from these lessons. By listening closely and recognizing that history serves as both a warning and a guide, we can work to ensure that its mistakes are not repeated. God’s people are called to foster peace, promote unity, and demonstrate the hope and stability found in Christ’s teachings.

Ambition should be made of sterner stuff ⁷

The shift from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire marked a pivotal historical moment. Representative governance gave way to centralized power as corruption, inefficiency, and the public’s disillusion spread. Leaders exploited societal divisions to consolidate control, leaving a fractured republic. Today, the erosion of democratic norms in the United States draws unsettling parallels to Rome’s decline. Schulman observes, “Officials who filed charges spurred outrage and sharpened the divides that would lead Rome to autocracy in the coming decades, a risk the United States may face today” (Time Magazine, 2024). When trust in democratic institutions fades, authoritarian rule becomes dangerously plausible.

Scripture provides both insight and warning for times like these.

When the righteous increase, the people rejoice, but when the wicked rule, the people groan. — Proverbs 29:2

This verse highlights how leadership profoundly shapes societal well-being. In the Bible, the failures of Old Testament kings often led to tyranny, oppression, and suffering. God’s intention for humanity, as seen in Genesis, emphasizes stewardship with justice and equity — values undermined when power is not balanced and concentrated in the hands of a few.

Christians are called to uphold leadership that reflects God’s justice and humility. Jesus modeled this in Mark:

Whoever would be great among you must be your servant. — Mark 10:42–45

As division and mistrust challenge democratic ideals, the Church should play a vital role. Believers should resist authoritarianism by promoting humility, responsibility, and justice. Rome’s loss of its democratic ideals stands as a warning. Today’s political struggles should challenge Christians to live out God’s call for righteous and equitable leadership, offering hope and stability amid uncertainty.

The noblest Roman of them all ⁸

The “sack” of Rome by the Visigoths, in 410 AD, is a powerful reminder of how even the mightiest empires can fall to unexpected invasions. Believed to be invincible, Rome’s defenses crumbled, leaving the city looted and its people devastated. Similarly, while the United States boasts significant military and economic strength, vulnerabilities could expose the nation to significant threats.

Although a direct invasion like the Visigoths’ sack may be unlikely, modern threats could have a comparable impact. For example, cyberattacks from state actors such as China or Russia could cripple our economic infrastructure, disrupt communication, and destabilize society. Similarly, an electromagnetic pulse attack from hacker non-state actors could turn off the electrical grid — thus plummeting our nation into chaos. Additionally, non-state actors and terrorist organizations could exploit border vulnerabilities to launch coordinated attacks on the United States. These scenarios highlight how even powerful nations can falter when caught unprepared. Are we listening? Will we see that history is trying to be both our warning and a guide? Have we learned any lessons from Rome’s fall? Do we understand the importance of vigilance and unity? 

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Such threats, though speculative, reveal how complacency and arrogance often lead to decline. God’s One True Word reminds us to stay vigilant and humble:

Therefore let anyone who thinks that he stands take heed lest he fall— 1 Corinthians 10:12

John Calvin warns us of the same truth, “Let anyone who thinks they stand firm — whether in understanding, God’s favor, or their way of life — be cautious. Even those who truly stand in grace must take heed, lest they fall.”

Rome wasn’t the only empire that fell. History is filled with the rise and fall of great powers, yet the lesson is always the same — humility sustains, and pride destroys. Whether as individuals or as a nation, vigilance and accountability are not optional. Arrogance blinds us, and complacency weakens us. True strength lies in human might and our submission to a higher authority.

Just as my 7th-grade Texas History teacher, Mr. Rubidoux, used to say, “History can serve you well.” Yet we have more than just history to guide us; we have the very breath of God speaking through the ages:

All Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness. — 2 Timothy 3:16

As a nation, we will take these warnings to heart and embrace this wisdom! 

Wisdom cries aloud in the street; in the markets she raises her voice; at the head of the noisy streets she cries out; at the entrance of the city gates she speaks — Proverbs 1:20–21

Will we listen? Will we learn? Only then can our nation build a foundation that endures — anchored not in fleeting ambition but in the eternal truth of God’s One True Word.

Join the Conversation

History often speaks louder than we expect, offering lessons that transcend time. From the betrayal and assassination of Julius Caesar to the sack of Rome and the rise of autocracy, these pivotal events remind us of the fragility of great powers and the consequences of division, instability, and misplaced trust. Today, as the United States faces challenges such as social inequality, political violence, and the erosion of democratic ideals, how should we respond?

Do you see parallels between the fall of Rome and the current state of the United States? What is the most urgent challenge we face as a nation? And as Christians, how can we embody biblical principles of justice, humility, and stewardship to navigate these turbulent times?

News Media References

Antoni, E. J., & St Onge, P. (2023, October 5). Has America entered the fall of Rome? The Heritage Foundation.

Schulman, J. E. (2024, March 22). The U.S. faces the same risks ancient Rome faced in Caesar’s day. Time Magazine.

Illing, S. (2024, November 3). Is America collapsing like ancient Rome? Caesar, Trump, and the future of American democracy. Vox.

Shakespeare, W. (1599). Julius Caesar.

¹ “Beware the ides of March” directly references the soothsayer’s famous warning, tying to Caesar’s betrayal and the fall of trust in leadership.

² “Et tu, Brute?” The iconic line symbolizes betrayal and is perfect for political instability and personal ambition themes.

³ “Lend me your ears,” from Mark Antony’s speech, relevant to themes of persuasion, rhetoric, and populism.

⁴ “The will of Caesar,” referencing Caesar’s will as read by Mark Antony, symbolizing Rome’s future and linking to leadership reliance or populist promises.

⁵ “This was the unkindest cut of all,” from Mark Antony’s funeral speech, focusing on betrayal and societal fractures.

⁶ “Cry ‘Havoc!’ and let slip the dogs of war,” from Mark Antony’s speech, perfect for political violence and unrest.”

⁷ “Ambition should be made of sterner stuff,” from Mark Antony’s speech, reflecting on leadership and moral decay.

⁸ “The noblest Roman of them all,” from Mark Antony’s final words about Brutus, exploring moral complexities and the fall of integrity.

The opinions expressed here are my own and do not reflect the views or positions of my employer.